![]() The independent variable should be plotted on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis.The graph should be slightly wider than it is tall.There are also several more technical guidelines for graphs that include the following: A reader should be able to understand the basic result based only on the graph and its caption and should not have to refer to the text for an explanation. For example, the Publication Manual discourages the use of colour unless it is absolutely necessary (although colour can still be an effective element in posters, slide show presentations, or textbooks.) Third, graphs should be interpretable on their own. (If a graph presents information more clearly or efficiently, then you should keep the graph and eliminate the text or table.) Second, graphs should be as simple as possible. ![]() First, the graph should always add important information rather than repeat information that already appears in the text or in a table. When you prepare graphs for an APA-style research report, there are some general guidelines that you should keep in mind. When you have a large number of results to report, you can often do it more clearly and efficiently with a graph. Presenting Descriptive Statistics in Graphs The treatment group had a mean of 23.40 ( SD = 9.33), while 20.87 was the mean of the control group, which had a standard deviation of 8.45. The third example is much better than the following nonparallel alternative: Notice also that it is especially important to use parallel construction to express similar or comparable results in similar ways. Notice that when presented in the narrative, the terms mean and standard deviation are written out, but when presented parenthetically, the symbols M and SD are used instead. There was a moderate negative correlation between the alphabetical position of respondents’ last names and their response time ( r = −.27). ![]() The treatment group had a mean of 23.40 ( SD = 9.33), while the control group had a mean of 20.87 ( SD = 8.45). The mean age of the participants was 22.43 years with a standard deviation of 2.34.Īmong the low self-esteem participants, those in a negative mood expressed stronger intentions to have unprotected sex ( M = 4.05, SD = 2.32) than those in a positive mood ( M = 2.15, SD = 2.27). They can be presented either in the narrative description of the results or parenthetically-much like reference citations. First, statistical results are always presented in the form of numerals rather than words and are usually rounded to two decimal places (e.g., “2.00” rather than “two” or “2”). There are a few important APA style guidelines here. When you have a small number of results to report, it is often most efficient to write them out. Presenting Descriptive Statistics in Writing These principles can be adapted easily to other presentation formats such as posters and slide show presentations. In this section, we focus on presenting descriptive statistical results in writing, in graphs, and in tables-following American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines for written research reports. Once you have conducted your descriptive statistical analyses, you will need to present them to others. Interpret and create simple APA-style tables-including tables of group or condition means and correlation matrixes.Interpret and create simple APA-style graphs-including bar graphs, line graphs, and scatterplots.Write out simple descriptive statistics in American Psychological Association (APA) style.
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